Naturalization 101: Steps to Become a U.S. Citizen
Nov. 19, 2024
Becoming a U.S. citizen is a dream for many people around the globe. However, the process to obtain citizenship—known as naturalization—can be intricate and requires an understanding of immigration law and eligibility criteria.
If you need help through the immigration process, a skilled immigration attorney can walk you through the steps to naturalization. Reach out to us at Corbaci Law, P.C. today to schedule a consultation. We’re proud to serve clients in Woburn, Massachusetts.
Understanding Naturalization and Eligibility
Naturalization is the process through which a non-U.S. citizen voluntarily becomes a citizen of the United States. Unlike birthright citizenship, where individuals automatically gain citizenship by being born on U.S. soil or to U.S. citizen parents, naturalization is for foreign nationals who meet specific legal requirements.
Before diving into the steps to naturalization, it’s essential to know if you’re eligible. Immigration law sets strict criteria that you must meet to apply for U.S. citizenship:
Lawful permanent resident (LPR) status: In most cases, you must have a green card (LPR status) for at least five years. If you obtained your green card through marriage to a U.S. citizen, you may be eligible to apply after three years.
Continuous residence: You must have lived continuously in the U.S. for at least five years (or three years if married to a U.S. citizen), without extended absences that break your residency.
Physical presence: You must be physically present in the U.S. for at least 30 months (or 18 months if married to a U.S. citizen) during the required residency period.
Good moral character: Immigration law requires applicants to demonstrate good moral character, which typically means no serious criminal offenses or patterns of misbehavior.
English language proficiency: Applicants must be able to read, write, and speak basic English, though exceptions exist for older applicants or those with long-standing residency.
Knowledge of U.S. history and government: A civics test is required, which evaluates your understanding of U.S. history and the workings of the government.
Attachment to the Constitution: You must demonstrate a commitment to the principles of the U.S. Constitution and be willing to take an oath of allegiance.
If you meet these requirements, you’re ready to begin the naturalization process. Let’s look at each step in detail.
Step 1: Prepare Your Application (Form N-400)
The first step toward becoming a U.S. citizen is to fill out Form N-400, the Application for Naturalization. This is a comprehensive form that covers your personal information, immigration history, employment, and travel outside the United States.
You’ll also answer questions related to your moral character and affiliations. While filling out Form N-400, make sure that you:
Provide accurate and honest answers. Any false or misleading information can delay your application or even result in a denial.
Submit the necessary documents, including proof of your green card status, passport photos, and other identification.
Pay the filing fee. As of 2024, the fee for Form N-400 is $725, which includes a $640 processing fee and an $85 biometric services fee. Some applicants may qualify for a fee waiver based on financial hardship.
If you need assistance with this form, it’s advisable to seek help from an experienced immigration law attorney or a reputable immigration service organization.
Step 2: Biometrics Appointment
Once you’ve submitted your application, you'll receive a notice for a biometrics appointment. During this appointment, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) will collect your fingerprints, photograph, and signature.
The biometrics appointment usually takes place at a local USCIS office, and it’s a straightforward process. Make sure you bring the necessary documents, such as the appointment notice and a valid photo ID. Failure to attend this appointment can delay your application.
Step 3: USCIS Interview
The next major step in the naturalization process is the USCIS interview, which is typically scheduled several months after your biometrics appointment. During the interview, a USCIS officer will review your Form N-400 and ask you questions about your application, background, and knowledge of U.S. history and government. Here’s what to expect during the interview:
Personal questions: The officer will go over your application, verifying the information you provided. Be prepared to explain any absences from the U.S., changes in your employment, or other significant life events since you submitted your application.
English language test: You'll be asked to read a sentence in English, write a sentence in English, and have a short conversation with the officer. This test evaluates your basic proficiency in English.
Civics test: The officer will ask you up to 10 questions from a pool of 100 possible questions about U.S. history, government, and your rights and responsibilities as a citizen. You must answer at least six questions correctly to pass.
To prepare for the civics test, USCIS provides study materials, and many community organizations offer classes to help you succeed. Practicing with flashcards or taking online quizzes can also boost your confidence.
Step 4: Receive a Decision
After your interview, USCIS will provide one of three decisions on your naturalization application:
Granted: Your application is approved, and you’re eligible to take the Oath of Allegiance.
Continued: USCIS needs additional information or documentation, or you need to retake the English or civics test. You’ll receive instructions on what to provide and when to return for a follow-up interview.
Denied: If USCIS finds that you’re ineligible for naturalization, they’ll deny your application and explain the reasons in writing. Common reasons for denial include failure to meet residency requirements, criminal history, or insufficient knowledge of English or civics.
If your application is denied, you can appeal the decision or reapply for naturalization once you address the issues that led to the denial. In many cases, working with an immigration law professional can improve your chances of a successful outcome.
Step 5: Take the Oath of Allegiance
The final step to becoming a U.S. citizen is taking the Oath of Allegiance at a naturalization ceremony. This is a significant moment when you officially renounce allegiance to any foreign nation and pledge your loyalty to the United States. At the ceremony, you will:
Return your green card, as you'll no longer need it as a U.S. citizen.
Receive a Certificate of Naturalization, which serves as proof of your U.S. citizenship.
Have the opportunity to register to vote and apply for a U.S. passport.
The Oath of Allegiance includes a promise to:
Support and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States.
Bear arms on behalf of the U.S. if required by law (with certain exceptions for religious or moral beliefs).
Perform noncombatant service in the U.S. armed forces if needed.
This ceremony is often a moving experience for new citizens, who are joined by family and friends to celebrate their accomplishment. Once you’ve taken the oath, you’re officially a U.S. citizen with all the rights and responsibilities that come with it.
Benefits of U.S. Citizenship
Becoming a U.S. citizen offers numerous benefits that go beyond just living and working in the U.S. Some of the key advantages include:
Voting rights: As a citizen, you have the right to vote in federal, state, and local elections, allowing you to participate in the democratic process.
Access to federal jobs: Many government positions are only open to U.S. citizens, providing more job opportunities.
Protection from deportation: U.S. citizens can’t be deported, even if they commit a crime, providing a sense of security and stability.
Eligibility for public benefits: Some federal programs and benefits, such as Social Security and Medicare, are more accessible to citizens.
Family reunification: U.S. citizens can sponsor immediate family members (spouses, parents, children) for immigration to the United States, often with faster processing times than green card holders.
Take the First Step to Citizenship
For more information on the naturalization process, reach out to an immigration law professional at Corbaci Law, P.C. We’re here for you in Woburn, Massachusetts and the surrounding areas of Boston, Marlborough, and Framingham. Contact us today.